Better Control of Plant and Animal Diseases and Pests

Better control of plant and animal diseases and pests has aided the increase in agricultural output. Inorganic chemical pesticides were generally used before 1945. Organic chemicals developed later.

The use of airplanes in spraying crops with these chemicals made the work more efficient. A plane can spray 1 000 acres in a matter of minutes. Research in insecticides must go on continuously, since insects tend to develop immunity to sprays. Each new chemical is tested to be sure that no harmful residue will poison treated food plants. The combined use of minimal amounts chemicals and of natural methods to control pests is called integrated pest management and is considered by many to be the most desirable control technique. Natural Breitling Replica Watches ways of controlling the spread of a pest population include disrupting the pest species' reproductive ability by releasing sterilized individuals into a population; releasing natural predators of a pest into a crop; and raising only pest-resistant crop varieties.

Insects, mites, and ticks that attack domestic animals can cost stock raisers millions of dollars annually. Methods worked out to free the animals from several types of pests have resulted, for example, in desirable weight gains and increased milk production. Antibiotics are given to animals in food and as medicine. By checking and preventing disease, the antibiotics promote growth, weight gain, and efficient use of feed. To increase milk output, cows are sometimes given bovine growth hormone.

The use of chemicals to kill weeds has saved much labor and has led to crop increases. The application of chemicals began on a large scale after the discovery in 1944 that 2.4-D kills broad-leaved weeds but not grasses. This kind of selective action is ideal if some plants are to be saved, while others (the weeds) are killed. Since that time more than 100 weed killers have been developed. They may be applied by special machines before or after the crop plant emerges.

Research has shown ways to regulate or control the growth of the plants by means of chemicals. Such regulators are used to increase Replica Omega Watches the size of fruits or to influence the direction of growth or plant structure. Hormones are used to retard the falling of fruit, thus extending the harvest period. Artificial control methods of any kind are usually considered controversial because of possible harmful effects to human health.

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